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Contents

Introduction

Alphabet and Pronunciation
The Alphabet
The Writing System and Pronunciation Guide
Consonants
Vowels
Long Vowels
Short Vowels
Diphthong Vowels
Additional Signs
Word Stress

Nouns
Nouns
Gender of Nouns
Class of Nouns
Number of Nouns
Plural Nouns
Spelling Rules for Plural Nouns
Plurals of Words Borrowed from Arabic
Definite and Indefinite Nouns
Special Spelling Rules for the Indefinite Suffix
Special Functions of the Indefinite Suffix
Proper Nouns
Verbal Nouns

Pronouns
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Enclitic Pronouns
Spelling Rules for Enclitic Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Definite Pronouns
The Ezafa

Adjectives
Adjectives
Degrees of Comparison

Numerals
Numerals

Special Forms of Numbers
Fractions
Percent

Prepositions
Prepositions
True Prepositions
Prepositional Phrases

Verbs
Verbs
Infinitive
Past Stem
Present Stem

Past Tense Forms
Past Tense Forms
Preterit
Imperfect
Past Participle
The Verb "to be"
Pluperfect
Subjunctive in the Past
The Verbبودن "to be" as a Linking Verb
Perfect

Present Tense Forms
Present Tense Forms
Present-Future
The Subjunctive Present
Imperative
Future
The Short Infinitive Constructions
Causative
Compound Verbs
The Passive Voice

Special Verb Models
The Verb رفتن"to go" as an Auxiliary Verb
Absolutive
The Preterit with the Prefix به be
The Verb گرفتن"to take" as an Auxiliary Verb
Permanent Action Model
Adverbs

Conjunctions
Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
Particles
Sentence Construction
Formation of Questions
Direct Object Marker
Composite Sentences
Relative Clauses
Conditional Sentences
Word Formation
Foreign Words Adopted in Dari
Arabic Elements
Polite Phrases


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