This verbal form has no equivalent in English. However, there are similar forms in some other European languages, such as Russian. The verbal adverb in Hindi denotes an action preceding the action expressed by the verb. In English, such an action is often conveyed by constructions with the verb 'to have' in the continuous form, or with sentences containing two verbs joined by the conjunction 'and' that have the same subject. For example, in the phrase 'Having opened the door, he entered the room' (or 'He opened the door and entered the room'), the construction 'having opened' would be translated into Hindi as the verbal adverb form of the verb 'to open'.
The verbal adverb in Hindi is formed from the stem of the verb by adding one of the two suffixes -कर -kar or -के -ke (the latter is often used in colloquial speech).
Ex: उठा + -कर = उठाकर
uThaakar
'having lifted'
जा + -के = जाके
jaake
'having gone'
The verb करना karnaa 'to do' forms the verbal adverb only with the suffix -के -ke: करके karke 'having done'.
Some verbal adverbs have idiomatic usages:
मुस्कुराकर
muskuraakar
'with a smile'
(मुस्कुराना muskuraanaa 'to smile')
जान-बूझकर
jaan-buujhkar
'knowingly'
(जानना jaannaa 'to know', बूझना buujhnaa 'to understand')
कृपा करके
kŗpaa karke
'kindly'
(कृपा kŗpaa 'kindness', करना karnaa 'to do')
को छोड़कर
ko choRkar
'except'
(छोड़ना choRnaa 'to leave')
से बढ़कर
se baRhkar
'besides, more'
(बढ़ना baRhnaa 'to increase' (v.i.))
से होकर
se hokar 'via'
(होना honaa 'to be')
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