Participles

There are three kinds of participles in Hindi. See the table given below.

Participle	Formation	Meaning
Participle with an accessory word वाला vaalaa	infinitive in the oblique form + vaalaa	connection with the situation
Participle I	verbal stem + suffix taa/te/tii (+ huaa/hue/huii)	simultaneity
Participle II	verbal stem + suffix aa/e/ii (+ huaa/hue/huii)	perfective meaning

Vaalaa-participle

The accessory word वाला vaalaa, which is declined as an adjective that ends in आ aa, is added to the oblique form of the infinitive.

Ex: पढ़ना + वाला = पढ़नेवाला paRhnevaalaa

होना + वाला = होनेवाला honevaalaa

करना + वाला = करनेवाला karnevaalaa

It can function as an attribute or as a predicate. This participle has many shades of meaning:

perfective meaning

meaning of the process

meaning of capability

meaning of purpose or function

an intention or readiness to perform an action in future

Examples:

पैदा होनेवाला

paidaa honevaalaa

1) 'born' 2) 'nascent'

बननेवाला

bannevaalaa

1) 'being built' 2) 'built'

यात्रा करनेवाले

yaatraa karnevaale

1) 'those who are traveling' 2) 'those who traveled'

किताब लिखनेवाला लेखक

kitaab likhnevaalaa lekhak

1) 'the author writing a book' 2) 'the author who wrote a book'

सड़क की ओर खुलनेवाली खिड़की

saRak kii or khulnevaalii khiRkii

'the window facing towards the street'

मैं जानेवाला हूँ

। maiN jaanevaalaa huuN.

'I am going to leave.'

मेरा दिल टूटनेवाला है

। meraa dil TuuTnevaalaa hai.

'My heart is breaking.'

वे हम्ला करनेवाले थे

। ve hamlaa karnevaale the.

'They were going to attack.'

Participle I

The participle I inflects for gender, number, and case in the same way as a declinable adjective. It usually agrees with the noun it qualifies. It is formed by adding the suffix -ता taa/ -ते te/ -ती tii (+हुआ huaa/ हुए hue/ हुई huii) to the verbal stem.

Ex: चल + -ता (हुआ) = चलता (हुआ) caltaa (huaa)

टकरा + -ते (हुए) = टकराते (हुए) Takraate (hue)

मुड़ + -ती (हुई) = मुड़ती (हुई) muRtii (huii)

The Participle I can function as an attribute or as an adverbial participle. (In the second case, it has the only one possible form: stem + suffix -ते te [हुए hue]).

Ex: टपकती हुई छत

Tapaktii huii chat

'a leaking roof'

समुद्र में चलते हुए जहाज़

samudr men calte hue jahaaz

'the ships drifting in the sea'

कार चलाती हुई औरत

kaar calaatii huii aurat

'the woman driving a car'

This verbal form denotes an action which occurs at the same time as the situation named in the predicate.

मैं सड़क पर चलते हुए लोगों को देख रहा था।

maiN saRak par calte hue logoN ko dekh rahaa tha.

'I watched the people walking along the street.'

आप को धोका देते हुए शर्म नहीं आती?

aap ko dhokaa dete hue śarm nahiiN aatii?

'Aren't you ashamed when deceiving?'

वह मुस्कुराते हुए जवाब देता है।

vo muskuraate hue javaab detaa hai.

'He answers with a smile (=smiling).'

वे रेंगते हुए आगे बढ़ रहे थे।

ve reNgte hue aage baRh rahe the.

'They were moving forward crawling.'

Participle II

The participle II inflects for gender, number, and case in the same way as a declinable adjective. It usually agrees with the noun it qualifies. It is formed by adding the suffix -आ aa/ -ए e/ -ई ii (+हुआ huaa/ हुए hue/ हुई huii) to the verbal stem. This participle looks the same as the perfect narrative tense.

Ex: पहाड़ पर बना हुआ महल

pahaaR par banaa huaa mahal

'the palace built on the mountain'

लिखी हुई किताब

likhii huii kitaab

'the written book'

रुका हुआ दिल

rukaa huaa dil

'the stopped heart'

टूटे हुए रिश्ते

TuuTe hue riśte

'the broken relations'

प्रदेश गया हुआ पति

pradeś gayaa huaa pati

'the husband that who has gone abroad' (=abroad gone husband)

The Participle II has a perfective meaning. Those participles that are formed from the transitive verbs have a passive meaning. This verbal form can function as an attribute, as an adverbial participle, and as a predicate. When it is used as an adverbial participle, it has the meaning of simultaneity.

Examples:

मरे हुए लोगों को भी लोग याद करते हैं।

mare hue logoN ko bhii log yaad karte haiN.

'People remember about the dead too.' (=the people, who died)

कार में बैठा हुआ वह उसका इंतिज़ार कर रहा था।

kaar meN baiThaa huaa vo uskaa intizaar kar rahaa thaa.

'He was waiting for her sitting in the car.'

वे दोनों घबराए हुए थे।

ve donoN ghabraae hue the.

'Both of them were worried.'

वह सिर झुकाए अंदर आई।

vo sir jhukaae andar aaii.

'She entered with her head down.'

चित्रकार की बनाई हुई प्रतिमा सुंदर नहीं है।

citrakaar kii banaaii huii pratimaa sundar nahiiN hai.

'The portrait painted by the artist is not beautiful.'