Nouns and adjectives are always in one of three cases: nominative (الرَّفْعُ), accusative (النَّصْبُ), or genitive (الْجَرُّ). These cases are indicated by the ending ُ , the ending َ , or the ending ِ . These signs, which are generally not used in written Arabic, are pronounced as a short "u", "a", and "i", respectively.
The nominative case is often indicated by ُ ("damma" ضَمَّة).
The accusative case is often indicated by َ ("fatHa" فَتْحَة ).
The genitive case in most nouns is indicated by ِ ("kasra" كَسْرَة ).
See also: