Pronominal Adverbs
Pronominal adverbs are a special class of adverbs. They usually refer to the participants or the situation of an act of speech. Pronominal adverbs occur in many languages, including English (when, then, where, there, how, so etc.).
In Hindi, pronominal adverbs are divided into several subclasses. See the examples given below.
Demonstrative pronominal adverbs:
यहाँ yahaaN, इधर idhar 'here'
वहाँ vahaaN, उधर udhar 'there'
तब tab 'then'
अब ab 'now'
इतने itne 'this many'
उतने utne 'that many'
ऐसे aise, वैसे vaise, इस तरह is tarah 'in such a way'
Indefinite pronominal adverbs:
कहीं kahiiN 'somewhere'
कहीं भी kahiiN bhii 'anywhere'
कभी kabhii 'ever, sometimes'
कभी कभी kabhii kabhii 'sometimes'
किसी प्रकार से kisii prakaar se, जैसे तैसे jaise taise 'somehow'
Interrogative pronominal adverbs:
कहाँ? kahaaN? 'where?'
कब? kab? 'when?'
किस लिए? kis lie? 'what for?'
कैसे? kaise? किस तरह? kis tarah? 'how?'
क्यों? kyoN? 'why?'
Negative pronominal adverbs:
कहीं नहीं kahiiN nahiiN 'nowhere'
कभी नहीं kabhii nahiiN 'never'
Relative pronominal adverbs:
जब jab 'when'
जहाँ jahaaN 'where'
जैसे jaise, जिस तरह jis tarah 'as'
Relative pronominal adverbs are very important. They are used to introduce relative subordinate clauses in compound sentences. In a compound sentence with a relative pronominal adverb, the main clause is very often introduced by another pronominal adverb called a correlative. The correlatives are as follows:
जब jab - तब tab
जहाँ jahaaN - वहाँ vahaaN
जैसे jaise - वैसे vaise
जिस तरह jis tarah - उस तरह us tarah
Ex: जब तुम मुझ से शादी करोगी तब मैं तुम्हारे लिए गाड़ी ख़रीदूँगा।
jab tum mujh se śaadii karogii tab maiN tumhaare lie gaaRii kh'ariiduuNgaa.
When you marry me, I will buy you a car.
Unpronominal Adverbs
Other adverbs belong to the unpronominal group. These adverbs can also be divided into several subclasses.
Unpronominal adverbs of time:
प्रातःकाल, सुबह सवेरे praataƕkaal, subeh savere 'early in the morning'
बहुत देर पहले behut der pehle 'long ago'
कल kal 'yesterday, tomorrow'
रात को raat ko 'at night'
Unpronominal adverbs of place:
दूर duur 'far away'
नीचे niice 'underneath'
क़रीब qariib 'nearby'
बायीं तरफ़ baayiiN taraf 'to the left'
Unpronominal adverbs of quantity:
बहुत behut 'much, many, very'
बहुत ज़्यादा behut zyaadaa 'too / very much, too many'
काफ़ी kaafii 'enough'
कम kam 'little'
दोबारा dobaaraa 'twice'
Unpronominal adverbs of manner:
जल्दी (से) jaldii (se) 'quickly'
धीरे dhiire 'slowly'
ध्यान से dhyaan se 'attentively'
अचानक acaanak 'suddenly'
Unpronominal adverbs of reason:
अनजाने anjaane 'accidentally'
Unpronominal adverbs of purpose:
जान बूझकर jaan buujhkar 'knowingly, on purpose'
See Also: